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GP2015
GPS Receiver RF Front End
Supersedes edition in August 1996 Global Positioning Products Handbook, HB4305-1.0 DS4374 - 2.4 October 1996
The GP2015 is a small format RF Front-end for Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. Equivalent in performance to the GP2010 but in a TQFP package, this product is suited for size-critical applications as the RF area can be reduced by a factor of two to three using miniature surface mount passive components The GP2015 is designed to operate from either 3 or 5 Volt supplies. The input to the device is the L1 (1575.42MHz) CoarseAcquisition (C/A) code Global Positioning signal from an antenna (via a low-noise pre-amplifier). The output is 2-bit quantised for subsequent signal processing in the digital domain. The GP2015 contains an on-chip synthesiser, mixers, AGC and a quantiser which provides Sign and Magnitude digital outputs. A minimum of external components is required to make a complete GPS front-end. The device has been designed to operate with the GP2021 12-channel Global Positioning Correlator, and DW9255 SAW filter, both also available from Mitel Semiconductor. Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
24 23 22 21 20
GP2015
19 18 17 16 15 14 13
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
FP48 Name
Name IF Output PLL Filter 1 PLL Filter 2 VEE (OSC) VCC (OSC) VEE (OSC) VEE (REG) PRef PReset VEE (IO) CLK N/C N/C MAG SIGN OPCIKOPCIK+ VDD (IO) PDN TEST LD VEE (DIG) AGC AGC +
Pin 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
FEATURES
s Ultra miniature TQFP package s Low Voltage Operation (3V - 5V) s Low Power - 200mW typ. (3V supply) s C/A Code Compatible s On-chip PLL Including Complete VCO s Triple Conversion Receiver s 48-Lead Surface Mount Quad Flat-Pack Package s Sign and Magnitude Digital Outputs s Compatible with GP2021 CMOS Correlator
APPLICATIONS
s C/A Code Global Positioning by Satellite Receivers s Time Standards s Navigation s Surveying
ORDERING INFORMATION
The GP2015 is available in 48 pin TQFP package to Industrial (-40C to +85C) grade.
N/C VCC (DIG) REF 2 REF 1 VCC (RF) VEE (RF) VEE (RF) RF Input VEE (RF) VEE (RF) VCC (RF) N/C O/P 1O/P 1+ VCC (2) I/P 2I/P 2+ VEE (IF) VEE (IF) O/P 2O/P 2+ VCC (3) I/P 3I/P 3+
Fig. 1 Pin connections - top view
RELATED PRODUCTS AND PUBLICATIONS
Part
DW9255 GP2021 GP2010 GP2015 GPSBuilder-2
Description
Data Reference
DS3861 DS4057 DS4056 AN4533 DS4004 DS4537
ORDERING CODE
GP2015 IG FP1R Industrial - Plastic 48-pin TQFP
35.42MHz SAW Filter Twelve-Channel Correlator GPS receiver RF Front-end Design with the GP2015 Twelve-Channel GPS receiver development system GPSBuilder-2.1 Twelve-Channel GPS development system
GP2015
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (Non-simultaneous)
Max. Supply Voltage 7V Max. RF Input +15dBm Max. voltage on any pin VCC/VDD + 0.5V except LD (pin 21) and PReset (pin 9), which are 5.5V Min. voltage on any pin VEE - 0.5V Storage Temperature -65C to +150C Operation Junction Temperature -40C to +150C 10MHz Reference Input 1.5V pk -pk IF STRIP The input signal to the GP2015 is the GPS L1 signal received via an antenna and a suitable LNA. The L1 input is a spread spectrum signal at 1575.42MHz with 1.023Mbps BPSK modulation. The signal level at the antenna is about -130dBm, spread over a 2.046MHz bandwidth, so the wanted signal is actually buried in noise. The high RF input compression point of the GP2015 means that with subsequent IF filtering it is possible to reject large out of band jamming signals, in particular 900MHz as used by mobile telephones.The on-chip PLL generates the first local-oscillator frequency at 1400MHz. The output of the front-end mixer (Stage 1) at 175.42 MHz can then be filtered before being applied to the second stage. The double-balanced stage 1 mixer outputs are open-collectors, and require external dc bias to VCC. The second stage contains further gain and a mixer with a local oscillator signal at 140 MHz giving a second IF at 35.42 MHz. The second stage mixer is also double-balanced with open-collector outputs requiring external dc bias to VCC. The signal from stage 2 is passed through an external filter with a 1dB bandwidth of 1.9MHz. The performance of this filter is critical to system performance and it is recommended that a SAW filter is used (part number DW9255, also available from Mitel Semiconductor). The output of the filter then feeds the main IF amplifier. This includes 2 AGC amplifiers and a third mixer with a local oscillator signal at 31.111 MHz giving a final IF at 4.309 MHz. There is an on-chip filter after the third mixer which provides filtering centred on 4.309 MHz. The IF output, which has 1k output impedance, is provided for test purposes. All of the signals within the IF amplifier are differential including the filter inputs and outputs, except the IF output (pin 1), to reduce any common mode interference.
ESD PROTECTION
The GP2015 device is static sensitive. The most sensitive pins withstand a 750V test by the human body model. Therefore, ESD handling precautions are essential to avoid degradation of performance or permanent damage to this device.
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
The GP2015 receives the 1575.42MHz signal transmitted by GPS satellites and converts it to a 4.309MHz IF, using triple down-conversion. The 4.309MHz IF is sampled to produce a 2-bit digital output. If the GP2015 is used in conjunction with the GP2021 correlator, then the GP2021 provides a sampling clock of 5.714MHz. This converts the IF to a 1.405MHz 2-bit digital output at TTL levels. The GP2015 can operate from a single supply from +3V (nominal) to +5V (nominal). A block diagram of the circuit is shown in figure 2.
175.42MHz FILTER
(37,38) (40,41)
35.42MHz FILTER
(44,45) (47,48)
AGC CAPACITOR
(23) (24)
(32)
RF Input
L1 (1575.42MHz)
FRONT END MIXER
1.400GHz
2nd STAGE MIXER
140MHz
AGC
AGC
3rd STAGE MIXER
31.11MHz
4.3MHz FILTER
(1)
IF Output (4.309MHz)
VCO
VOLTAGE REGULATOR (2)
/5
/5 /2
AGC CONTROL
+Vr
EXTERNAL LOOP FILTER
(3)
PLL LOOP FILTER
/7
/9
+1.21V
-Vr
_ +
/4
PLL LOCK LOGIC O/P (LD)
(21)
PHASE DETECTOR
POWER-ON RESET 1.400GHz PHASELOCKED LOOP
SIGN O/P LATCH POWER CONTROL
(15)
SIGN TTL O/P
PLL REF I/P 10MHz (REF 2)
(27)
PLL REFERENCE OSCILLATOR
MAG O/P LATCH
(14)
MAG TTL O/P
(28)
REF 1 I/P
(FOR USE WITH CRYSTAL REF ONLY)
A -> D CONVERTER
(16,17) (20) (8) (19) (9)
(11)
SAMPLE CLOCK I/P (CLK) (5.71MHz TTL)
40MHz CLOCK O/P (FOR CORRELATOR CHIP) (OPCIK +/-)
(TEST)
POWER-ON REFERENCE I/P (PREF)
POWER DOWN I/P (PDn)
POWER-ON RESET O/P (PRESET)
Fig. 2 Block diagram of GP2015
2
GP2015
The IF output is fed to a 2-bit quantiser which provides sign and magnitude (MSB and LSB) outputs. The magnitude data controls the AGC loop, such that on average the magnitude bit is set (high) 30% of the time. The AGC time constant is set by an external capacitor. The sign and magnitude data, SIGN (pin 15) and MAG (pin 14), are latched by the rising edge of the sample clock, CLK (pin 11), which is normally derived from the correlator; the GP2021 provides a 5.714MHz (=40/7) clock, giving a sampled IF centred on 1.405MHz. The Digital Interface circuits use a separate power-supply, VDD(IO), which would normally be shared with the correlator to minimise crosstalk between the analog and digital sections of the device. ON-CHIP PHASE-LOCKED LOOP SYNTHESISER All of the local oscillator signals are derived from an on chip phase locked loop synthesiser. This includes a 1400MHz VCO complete with on-chip tank circuit, dividers and phase detector, with external loop filter components. A 10.000MHz reference frequency is required for the PLL. This can be achieved by attaching an external 10.000MHz crystal to the on-chip PLL reference oscillator (see figure 5). However in most applications the user will need an external source, such as a TCXO, to provide greater frequency stability (see figure 6). An external reference should be ac coupled to REF2 (pin 27); REF 1 (pin 28) should be left open circuit. The three local oscillator signals 1400MHz, 140.0MHz and 31.11MHz are derived from the 1400MHz synthesiser output. The synthesiser also provides a 40 MHz balanced differential output clock (pins 16 & 17) which can be used to clock the GP2021 correlator. The clock is a low level differential signal which helps minimise interference with the analog areas of the circuit. A PLL lock-detect output, LD (pin 21), is also provided, which is logic high when the PLL is phaselocked to the 10.000MHz reference signal. The VCO power-supply incorporates an on-chip regulator to improve the noise-immunity of the PLL. This feature is only available when operating with a 5 volt (nominal) supply which is regulated to 3.3 volts internally. This internal regulated supply is referenced to VCC(OSC) (pin 5). Figure 7 shows the required connections for both 3 volt and 5 volt operation. A further feature of the circuit is the TEST input (pin 20). When this input is held high the PLL is unlocked with the VCO at its maximum frequency. POWER-DOWN CAPABILITY A power down function is provided on the GP2015, to limit power consumption. This powers down the majority of the circuit except the "power-on reset" function (see below). If the power down feature is not required, the Powerdown input, PDn (pin 19), should be connected to 0V dc (=Vee/Ground). POWER-ON RESET FUNCTION The GP2015 includes a voltage detector which operates from the digital interface supply. This circuit is used to produce a TTL logic low output while the GPS receiver power supply is switching on, and produces a logic high output when the power supply voltage has achieved a nominal value. This output can be used to disable the GP2021 correlator while the power supply is switching on. An internal bandgap reference of approximately +1.21V is compared with the voltage on a sense pin, PRef (pin 8); when the voltage on this pin exceeds the reference, a TTL logic high level appears at the Power-on Reset output, PReset (pin 9). Thus, if the sense input voltage is derived from an external resistive divider from the Digital Interface supply, VDD(IO) (pin 16), such that the sense voltage at nominal VCC is VS, then the supply threshold, Vcc(thresh), at which the PReset output goes to logic high is:VS = VCC (nom) x 1.21 VCC (thresh) For a VCC (nom) of 5.0V, VCC (thresh) may be set to approx. 4.0V, giving VS of 1.5V. For a VCC (nom) of 3.0V, VCC (thresh) may be set to approx. 2.4V, giving VS of 1.5V.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
All the digital inputs and outputs can use a separate power supply to help prevent digital switching transitions interacting with the analog sections of the device, and as an additional precaution, the digital inputs and outputs are on the opposite side of the device to the critical analog pins.
3
GP2015
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The Electrical Characteristics are guaranteed over the following range of operating conditions (see Fig. 3 for test circuit): Industrial (I) grade: TAMB = -40C to +85C Supply voltage: VCC and VDD = +2.7V to +5.5V Test conditions (unless otherwise stated): Supply voltages: VCC = +2.7V and +5.5V, VDD = +2.7V and +5.5V Test temperature: Industrial (I) grade product: +25C Value Characteristic SUPPLY CURRENT Normal mode - Analog interface - Digital interface Power down mode - Analog interface - Digital interface Power Supply Differential Power down Response time IF STRIP Front End/Mixer 1 Conversion Gain (G1) Noise Figure Input Compression (1dB) Input Impedance Differential Output Impedance RF Input Image Rejection Stage 2/Mixer 2 Conversion Gain (G2) Input Compression (1dB) Differential Input Impedance Differential Output Impedance Stage 3 High Gain (In terms of total strip) High Gain (G3) Gain Control Range Differential Input Impedance IF Output amplitude IF Output impedance 4.3MHz Filter Response Flatness 4.3 1MHz Rejection @ 0.5MHz @ 50MHz 2 BIT QUANTISER Sign Duty Cycle Mag Duty Cycle AGC Time Constant ON-CHIP PLL SYNTHESISER Phase Noise 1kHz 10kHz 100kHz 1MHz 5MHZ 50MHz PLL Spurs Min. Typ. Max. Units Conditions
55 9 3 3 3
77 14.5 6 5 100
mA mA mA mA mV s
Pins 5, 26, 29, 35, 39, 46 Pin 18 Pins 5, 26, 29, 35, 39, 46 Pin 18 Between any VCC/VDD pins (Note 7) (Note 7)
11 -22
18 9 -16 17 3.4 700 7
25
dB dB dBm nH dB
RO = 600 (Note 2) FIN = 1575.42MHz ZS = 50 (Note 7) Pin 32 (Notes 1 and 7) (Notes 1 and 7) Pins 37 & 38 (Note 8) FIN = 1224.58MHz (Note 7)
22 5
27 14 700 500
33
dB FIN = 175.42MHz mV rms Pins 40 & 41 (Note 8) Pins 44 & 45 (Note 8)
106-G1-G2
60 -1.5 45 40 20
75 60 1 85 1 14 70 50 30 2
120 +1.0
dB dB dB k mV rms k dB dB dB % % ms
(Note 6) FIN = 35.42MHz (Note 3) Pins 47 & 48 (Note 8) CW input (Note 3) Pin 1(Note 8) (Note 7 and 9)
60 40
(Note 10) CAGC = 100nF 15kHz Loop Bandwidth
-68 -75 -88 -110 -120 -120 -50
dBc/Hz dBc/Hz dBc/Hz dBc/Hz dBc/Hz dBc/Hz dBc
(Note 7)
(Note 7)
4
GP2015
Value Characteristic VCO Maximum Lock Frequency VCO Minimum Lock Frequency VCO regulator output voltage VCO Gain Phase Detector Gain 10MHz Reference Input 10MHz Reference Input Impedance PLL Lockup Time PLL Loop Gain DIGITAL INTERFACES Sample Clock, Power Down, Test Inputs. VIH VIL Input Current High IIH Input Current Low IIL Sign/Mag Outputs VOH VOL Sample Clock to Sign/Mag Delay 40MHz Clock Output High Level (VOH) Low Level (VOL) Output (differential) Duty Cycle LD (PLL Lock)/PReset Outputs Low Level (VOL) High Level (VOH) Power-on Reset comparator input Power Reset Reference Level Power Reset Reference Input Current Min. 1414 3 50 0.1 3.3 150 5.3 0.6 5 6 150 1386 3.5 240 1.2 Typ. Max. Units MHz MHz V MHz/V V/rad V pk-pk k ms dB Conditions
(Note 4) (Note 7) Pin 27 (Note 11) From Power up (Note 7) (Note 7) Pins 11, 19, 20
2 0 -300 VDD-1 20
VDD 0.5 10
V V A A V V ns V V mV p-p %
VIH = VDD VIL = VEE Pins 15, 14 IO = -0.5mA IO = 0.5mA CL = 15pF, RL = 15k (Note 7) Pins 16 & 17 (Note 5) CL = 15pF (GND) (Note 7) CL = 5pF (Diff) (Note 7) (Note 7) Pins 21 and 9 IO = 0.5mA IO = -10A Pin 8
0.5
VDD-1.25 VDD-1 VDD-0.8
VOH-0.1 220 43 0.2 VDD 0.5
VDD-1 1.1 -10
V V V A
1.35 10
Notes On Electrical Characteristics:- All RF measurements are made with appropriate matching to the input or output impedances, such as balun transformers, and levels refer to matched 50ohm ports (see figure 3 for test circuit) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. RF input impedance (series) without input matching components connected - expressed as Real impedance with reactive inductor value. Measured at 1575.42MHz. Input matched to 50ohm, output loaded wlth 600ohm differential Maximum Stage 3 input signal amplitude for correct AGC operation = 20mV rms. VCO regulator voltage measured with respect to Vcc (OSC) - pin 5. The OPCLK outputs are differential and are referenced to VDD. Minimum gain requirement expressions: -7dBm < -174dBm/Hz + 19dB + G1 + G2 + G3 - 21dB + 63dB where -7dBm = typical IF Output level with AGC active (equivalent to 100mV rms) -174dBm/Hz = background noise level at RF input 19dB = sum of LNA gain and noise figure -21dB = total loss in 175MHz and 35MHz filters 63dB = summation of noise over a 2MHz bandwidth Rearranging the above expression gives G1 + G2 + G3 > 106dB. This parameter is not production tested. This impedance is toleranced at +/-30% and is not production tested. Roll off occurs in on-chip capacitive coupling IF Output to input of ADC circuit. Not measurable at IF Output. CW input on pins 47 & 48 of 35.42MHz at 7mV rms. This input impedance applies to the typical input level. The impedance is level dependent and is not tested or guaranteed.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
5
GP2015
PIN DESCRIPTIONS
All VEE and VCC/VDD pins must be connected to ensure correct operation Pin No. 1 Signal Name IFOutput Input/Output Output Description IF Test output. Connected to output of Stage 3 prior to the A to D converter. A series 1k resistor is incorporated for buffering purposes. PLL Filter 1. Connected to the bias network within the on-chip VCO. An external PLL loop filter network should be connected between this pin and PLL Filt 2 (see below). PLL Filter 2. Connected to the varactor diodes within the on-chip VCO. An external PLL loop filter network should be connected between this pin and PLL Filt 1 (see above). Negative supply to the on-chip VCO. (See Note 1) Positive supply to the on-chip VCO. Negative supply to the VCO regulator. This must be connected to GND. Power-on Reset Reference input. An on-chip comparator produces a logic HI when the PRef input voltage exceeds +1.21V. (Nom) (See Page 3) Power-on Reset Output. A TTL compatible output controlled by the Power-on reset comparator (See above). This output remains active even when the chip is powered down. (See pin 19 - PDn). Negative supply to the Digital Interface. (See Note 2) Sample Clock input from the correlator chip. A TTL compatible input (which operates at 5.714MHz if used with GP2021 correlator device) used to clock the MAG & SIGN output latches, on the rising edge of the CLK signal. Not connected. (See Note 4) Output Magnitude bit data output. A TTL compatible signal, representing the magnitude of the mixed down IF signal. Derived from the on-chip 2-bit A to D converter, synchronised to the CLK input clock signal. Sign bit data output. A TTL compatible signal, representing the polarity of the mixed down IF signal. Derived from the on-chip 2-bit A to D converter, synchronised to the CLK input clock signal. 40MHz Clock output - inverse phase. One side of a balanced differential output clock, with opposite polarity to Pin 17 - OPClk+. Used to drive a master-clock signal within the correlator chip. 40MHz Clock output - true phase. Other side of a balanced differential output clock set, with opposite polarity to Pin 16 - OPClk-. Used to drive a masterclock signal within the correlator chip.
2
PLL Filter 1
Output
3
PLL Filter 2
Output
4,6 5 7
VEE (OSC) VCC (OSC) VEE (REG)
Input Input Input
8
PRef
Input
9
PReset
Output
10 11
VEE (IO) CLK
Input Input
12, 13 14
N/C MAG
15
SIGN
Output
16
OPClk-
Output
17
OPClk+
Output
6
GP2015
Pin No. 18 19 Signal Name VDD (IO) PDn Input/Output Input Input Description Positive supply to the Digital Interface. (See Note 2) Power-Down control input. A TTL compatible input, which when set to logic high, will disable ALL of the GP2015 functions, except the power-on reset block. Useful to reduce the total power consumption of the GP2015. If this feature is not required, the pin should be connected to 0V (VEE/GND). Test control input - Disable PLL. A TTL compatible input, which when set to logic high, will disable the on-chip PLL, by disconnecting the divided-down VCO signal to the phase-detector. The VCO will free run at its upper range of frequency operation. If this feature is not required, the pin should be connected to 0V (VEE/GND). PLL Lock Detect output. A TTL compatible output, which indicates if the PLL is phaselocked to the PLL reference oscillator. Will become logic high only when phase-lock is achieved. Negative supply to the PLL and A to D converter. AGC Capacitor output - inverse phase. One side of a balanced output from the AGC block within IF Stage 3, to which an external capacitor is connected to set the AGC time-constant. AGC Capacitor output - true phase. One side of a balanced output from the AGC block within IF Stage 3, to which an external capacitor is connected to set the AGC time-constant. Not connected. (See Note 4) Input Input Positive supply to the PLL and A to D converter. 10.000MHz PLL Reference signal input . Input to which an externally generated 10.000MHz PLL reference signal should be ac coupled, if an external PLL reference frequency source (e.g TCXO) is used (see fig. 6). If no external reference is used, this pin forms part of the onchip PLL reference oscillator, in conjunction with an external 10.000MHz crystal (see fig. 5). PLL reference oscillator auxillary connection. Used in conjunction with Pin 27 (REF 2) to allow a 10.000MHz external crystal to provide the PLL reference signal if no external PLL reference frequency source (e.g TCXO) is used. This pin should NOT be connected if an external TCXO is being used (see fig. 5). Positive supply to the RF input and Stage 1 IF mixer. Both pins are connected internally, but must both be connected to VCC externally, to keep series inductance to a minimum. Negative supply to the RF input and Stage 1 IF mixer. The pins are all connected internally, but must ALL be connected to 0V (VEE/GND) externally, to keep series inductance to a minimum.
20
TEST
Input
21
LD
Output
22 23
VEE (DIG) AGC-
Input Output
24
AGC+
Output
25 26 27
N/C VCC (DIG) REF 2
28
REF 1
Input
29, 35
VCC (RF)
Input
30, 31, 33, 34
VEE (RF)
Input
7
GP2015
Pin No. 32 Signal Name RF Input Input/Output Input Description RF input. The GPS RF input signal @ 1575.42MHz from an external antenna with LNA and filter is connected to this pin via an input-matching network (see fig.4). Not connected. (See Note 4) Output Stage 1 mixer output @ 175.42MHz - inverse phase. One of a balanced output from first stage IF mixer, to which one input of an external balanced 175MHz bandpass filter is connected. External dc biasing is required via an inductor connected to VCC(RF) - the value of which is dependent on the filter used. Stage 1 mixer output @ 175.42MHz - true phase. Second of a balanced output from first stage IF mixer, to which the second input of an external balanced 175MHz bandpass filter is connected. External dc biasing is required via an inductor connected to VCC(RF) - the value of which is dependent on the filter used. Positive supply to the Stage 2 IF mixer. Stage 2 mixer input @ 175.42MHz - inverse phase. One of a balanced input to the second stage IF mixer, to which one of the balanced signal outputs from the external 175MHz bandpass filter is connected. Stage 2 mixer input @ 175.42MHz - true phase. Second of a balanced input to the second stage IF mixer, to which the second of the balanced signal outputs from the external 175MHz bandpass filter is connected. Negative supply to the Stage 2 IF mixer, and Stage 3 IF block. Stage 2 mixer output @ 35.42MHz - inverse phase. One of a balanced output from second stage IF mixer, to which one input of an external balanced 35.42MHz bandpass filter is connected. External dc biasing is required via an Inductor connected to VCC. (See Note 3) Stage 2 mixer output @ 35.42MHz - true phase. Second of a balanced output from second stage IF mixer, to which the second input of an external balanced 35.42MHz bandpass filter is connected. External dc biasing is required via an Inductor connected to VCC. (See Note 3) Positive supply to the Stage 3 IF mixer. Stage 3 mixer input @ 35.42MHz - inverse phase. One of a balanced input to the third stage IF mixer, to which one of the balanced signal outputs from the external 35.42MHz bandpass filter is connected. (See Note 3) Stage 3 mixer input @ 35.42MHz - true phase. Second of a balanced input to the third stage IF mixer, to which the second of the balanced signal outputs from the external 35.42MHz bandpass filter is connected. (See Note 3)
36 37
N/C O/P 1-
38
O/P 1+
Output
39 40
VCC (2) I/P 2-
Input Input
41
I/P 2+
Input
42, 43 44
VEE (IF) O/P 2-
Input Output
45
O/P 2+
Output
46 47
VCC (3) I/P 3-
Input Input
48
I/P 3+
Input
8
GP2015
Notes on Pin Descriptions 1). Both pins 4 & 6 (VEE (OSC)) are connected internally. If the VCO regulator is used (VCC = +5.00V nominal) then both pins 4 & 6 must be left floating, with either pin de-coupled to VCC (OSC) with a 100nF capacitor. In this configuration, the dc output level of the regulator can be monitored from VEE (OSC), with respect to VCC (OSC) - NOT 0V (VEE/GND). For operation at VCC <+4.0V, the VCO regulator cannot be used, and both VEE (OSC) pins must be shorted to VEE (REG) (Pin 7) - see Fig. 7. 2). The Digital Interface supply is independent from all the other supply pins, allowing supply separation to reduce the likelihood of undesirable digital signals interfering with the IF strip. (Note the maximum allowable Power Supply Differential in the Electrical Characteristics - page 4). 3). The 35.42MHz Bandpass filter should have a bandwidth of approx 2.0MHz. Ideally, this should be a DW9255 SAW filter. 4). These pins are not connected within the package, and may therefore be used in power/ground routing if desired. To avoid crosstalk, their use in signal routing is not recommended.
CONTROL SIGNALS
Power Down TEST L Normal Operation Normal Operation
Stage 1 Output 175 MHz
H Powered Down Test
Stage 2 Input 175 MHz Stage 2 Output 35 MHz Stage 3 Input 35 MHz M1 - 4 = Matching Networks, incorporating Balun transformers
M1 M1
M2 M2
M3 M3
M4 M4 IF Output
37 RF INPUT Cs 32 Stage 1
38
40
41 Stage Stage 2 2
44
45
47
48 Stage 3 3
1 ADC
CLK 11 15 14 SIGN MAG
Cp 2 PLL LOOP C1 FILTER 3 R1 C2 OPClk LD REF 2 TEST PDn PRESET PREF Cagc 16 PLL SYNTHESISER 17 21 27 20 Power Down Power Detect 9 8 AGC Control AGC Control
19
23
24
C1 = 470nF C2 = 10nF R1 = 270 Cagc = 100nF Cs = 12pF Cp = 2.7pF
Fig. 3 GP2015 test circuit
OPERATING NOTES
A typical application circuit is shown in figure 4 with the GP2015 front-end interfaced to the GP2021 12-channel correlator integrated circuit. The RF input has an unmatched input impedance (see page 4). The RF input matching components Cs and Cp should be mounted as close to the RF input as possible: also the Vee(RF) tracks must be kept as short as possible. A SAW filter may be used as a 175.42MHz filter, but this can be replaced by a simpler coupled-tuned LC filter if there is no critical out-of-band jamming immunity requirement. The DC bias to mixer 1 is provided via inductors L1 and L2, which may form part of the 175.42MHz filter. The output of mixer 2 requires an external dc bias, achieved with inductors L3 and L4, which also serve to tune out the input capacitance of the DW9255 SAW filter. The output of the SAW filter is tuned with inductor L5. Capacitor (Cagc) determines the AGC time-constant. The PLL loop filter components are selected to give a PLL loop bandwidth of approximately 10kHz. The IF Output is normally used for testpurposes only, but is available to the user if required. Typically a low noise preamplifier (gain >+15dB) is used between the antenna and the RF input (pin 32), and may be located remotely, with the antenna.
QUALITY AND RELIABILITY
At Mitel Semiconductor, quality and reliability are built into products by rigorous control of all processing operations, and by minimising random, uncontrolled effects in all manufacturing operations. Process management involves full documentation of procedures, recording of batch-by-batch data, and the use of traceability procedures. A common information management system is used to monitor the manufacturing on Mitel Semiconductor CMOS and Bipolar processes. All products benefit from the use of an integrated monitoring system throughout all manufacturing operations, leading to high quality standards for all technologies. Further information is contained in the Quality Brochure, available from Mitel Semiconductor's Sales Offices.
9
GP2015
Vcc VALUES FOR L1 AND L2 ARE DEPENDENT ON FILTER USED L1 RF INPUT MATCHING Cs = 12pF Cp = 2.7pF Cs RF INPUT 32 Cp 33, 34, 30,31 23 Cagc =0.1uF 24 17 16 11 15 14 21 9 8 20 37 38 L2 L3 L4 L3,4 = 560nH L5 = 2.2uH
175MHz FILTER
DW9255 SAW FILTER 40 41 44 45
L5
Vcc Creg = 0.1uF (Vcc = +5.0V only)
47 48 4, 6 27 2 3
GP2015 FRONT-END 48 PIN
REF2 10MHz I/P C1 R1 PLL LOOP FILTER C1 = 0.47uF R1 = 270 C2 = 10nF
C2 Vcc R4 R5 R6 POWER-ON REF R4, R5 = 470 R6 = 1.5k R3 70
CLK_T
R2
71
CLK_I
73
SAMP CLK
76
SIGN 0
77
MAG 0
66
PLL LOCK
2
POWER_GOOD
NOTE: DIAGRAM IS REPRESENTATIVE ONLY. REFER TO AN4533 FOR ACTUAL CIRCUIT
POWER-ON REF LADDER R3 =2.7k R2 = 2.7k (Vcc = +3.0V) = 6.8k (Vcc = +5.0V)
GP2021 CORRELATOR 80 PIN
Fig. 4 GP2015 typical application
Ref 2 (27)
GP2015
(28) Ref 1
33pF 10.000MHz CRYSTAL 22pF
Fig. 5 Crystal Reference connections
10
GP2015
47nF Ref 2 (27)
RA
GP2015
(28) Ref 1 NC
10.000MHz TCXO
RB
RA & RB SET TO REDUCE TCXO O/P TO 0.5V P-P.
Fig. 6 TCXO Reference connections
3V V CCOSC (5) (4) GP2015 (6) (7) V EEREG (7) V EEREG V EEOSC GP2015 V CCOSC (5)
5V
100nF
(4) V EEOSC (6)
0V No VCO Regulator needed
0V Using VCO regulator with Vcc > +4.0V
Fig. 7 VCO power-supply connections
11
GP2015
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GP2015 GPS RECEIVER RF FRONT-END
The GP2015 has been characterised to guarantee reliable operation over the Industrial Temperature range (-40C -> +85C ambient). This was achieved by setting the device case temperature to extremes of +110C and -50C. The following charts show the typical variation of key parameters across the extended case temperature range.
NOTE:- ALL Measurements at Vcc = +2.65V made with VCO voltage-regulator DISABLED.
70
65
60
CURRENT (mA)
55 Vcc = +2.65V 50 Vcc = +3.8V Vcc = +5.55V 45
40
35
30 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CASE TEMP(C)
Fig. 8 Supply Current - Analog interface - normal mode
4.5
4
3.5
3
CURRENT (mA)
2.5
Vcc = +2.65V Vcc = +3.8V
2
Vcc = +5.55V
1.5
1
0.5
0 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CASE TEMP(C)
Fig. 9 Supply Current - Analog interface - power-down mode
12
GP2015
12
10
8
CURRENT (mA)
Vcc = +2.65V 6 Vcc = +3.8V Vcc = +5.55V
4
2
0 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CASE TEMP(C)
Fig. 10 Supply Current - Digital interface - normal mode
4.5
4
3.5
3
CURRENT (mA)
2.5
Vcc = +2.65V Vcc = +3.8V
2
Vcc = +5.55V
1.5
1
0.5
0 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CASE TEMP(C)
Fig. 11 Supply Current - Digital interface - power-down mode
13
GP2015
12
10
8
NOISE FIGURE (dB)
Vcc = +2.65V 6 Vcc = +3.8V Vcc = +5.55V
4
2
0 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CASE TEMP(C)
Fig. 12 Noise figure of IF chain in a typical application circuit
151
150.5
150
149.5
LOOP GAIN (dB)
149
Vcc = +2.65V Vcc = +3.8V
148.5 Vcc = +5.55V 148
147.5
147
146.5 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CASE TEMP(C)
Fig. 13 On-chip Phase-locked-loop Synthesiser Loop gain
14
GP2015
6
5.5
PHASE-DETECTOR GAIN (V/radian)
5 Vcc = +2.65V Vcc = +3.8V 4.5 Vcc = +5.55V
4
3.5
3 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CASE TEMP(C)
Fig. 14 On-chip Phase-locked-loop Synthesiser Phase-detector gain
1600
1500
NOTE:- 1400MHz is the nominal VCO frequency
1400
VCO FREQUENCY (MHz)
LOW - 2.65V HIGH - 2.65V LOW - 3.8V
1300 HIGH - 3.8V LOW - 5.55V 1200 HIGH - 5.55V
1100
1000 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CASE TEMP(C)
Fig. 15 On-chip Phase-locked-loop Synthesiser - LOW and HIGH limits of VCO frequency for PLL to be locked (Note that this a typical characteristic and cannot be guaranteed)
15
GP2015
-65
-70
PHASE NOISE (dBc/Hz)
-75 10kHz OFFSET 100kHz OFFSET -80 NOTE: Vcc = +5.55V for each offset
-85
-90 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CASE TEMP (C)
Fig. 16 On-chip Phase-locked-loop Synthesiser - Phase-noise of VCO producing 1400MHz CW signal at 10kHz offset (15kHz PLL loop bandwidth)
-110 -112
PHASE NOISE (dBc/Hz)
-114
-116
1MHz OFFSET 5MHz OFFSET
-118
-120 -122 -124 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 NOTE: Vcc = +5.55V for each offset
CASE TEMP (C)
Fig. 17 On-chip Phase-locked-loop Synthesiser - Phase-noise of VCO producing 1400MHz CW signal at 100kHz offset (15kHz PLL loop bandwidth)
16
GP2015
19.5
19
18.5
GAIN (dB)
Vcc = +2.65V 18 Vcc = +3.8V Vcc = +5.55V
17.5
17
16.5 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CASE TEMP (C)
Fig. 18 Frontend/Mixer 1 Small-signal Conversion Gain - RF I/P frequency at 1575.42MHz
-12
-13
-14
INPUT LEVEL (dBm)
-15 Vcc = +2.65V -16 Vcc = +3.8V Vcc = +5.55V -17
-18
-19
-20 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CASE TEMP (C)
Fig. 19 Frontend/Mixer 1 Input level for 1dB Conversion Gain-compression - RF I/P frequency at 1575.42MHz
17
GP2015
8.5
8
7.5
RF I/P IMAGE REJECTION (dB)
7
Vcc = +2.65V Vcc = +3.8V
6.5
Vcc = +5.55V
6
5.5
5 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CASE TEMP(C)
Fig. 20 Frontend/Mixer 1 Image rejection - RF I/P frequency at 1224.58MHz
28
27.5
27
26.5
GAIN (dB)
Vcc = +2.65V 26 Vcc = +3.8V Vcc = +5.55V 25.5
25
24.5
24 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CASE TEMP(C)
Fig. 21 Stage 2/Mixer 2 Small-signal Conversion Gain - Stage 2 I/P frequency at 175.42MHz
18
GP2015
20
18
16
INPUT LEVEL (mV RMS)
Vcc = +2.65V 14 Vcc = +3.8V Vcc = +5.55V
12
10
8 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CASE TEMP (C)
Fig. 22 Stage 2/Mixer 2 Input level for 1dB Conversion Gain-compression - Stage 2 I/P frequency at 175.42MHz
80
79
78
GAIN (dB)
Vcc = +2.65V 77 Vcc = +3.8V Vcc = +5.55V 76
75
74 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CASE TEMP(C)
Fig. 23 Stage 3 MAXIMUM Small-signal Conversion Gain - Stage 3 I/P frequency at 35.42MHz
19
GP2015
1.255
1.25
1.245
PREF VOLTAGE (V)
1.24 Vcc = +2.65V 1.235 Vcc = +3.8V Vcc = +5.55V 1.23
1.225
1.22
1.215 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CASE TEMP (C)
Fig. 24 Power-on Reset Threshold level
32
31.5
31
30.5
DUTY CYCLE (%)
Vcc = +2.65V 30 Vcc = +3.8V Vcc = +5.55V 29.5
29
28.5
28 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CASE TEMP(C)
Fig. 25 Duty-cycle of MAG digital output (pin 14), sampled at 5.71MHz in a typical application circuit RF I/P signal = 1575.42MHz CW, -85dBm - equivalent to 26dB excess noise from a typical GPS antenna
20
GP2015
50.5
50.45
50.4
50.35
DUTY CYCLE (%)
50.3 Vcc = +2.65V 50.25 Vcc = +3.8V Vcc = +5.55V 50.2
50.15
50.1
50.05
50 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CASE TEMP(C)
Fig. 26 Duty-cycle of SIGN digital output (pin 15), sampled at 5.71MHz in a typical application circuit - RF I/P signal = 1575.42MHz CW, -85dBm - equivalent to 26dB excess noise from a typical GPS antenna
90
88
86
84
AMPLITUDE (mV RMS)
82 Vcc = +2.65V 80 Vcc = +3.8V Vcc = +5.55V 78
76
74
72
70 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CASE TEMP(C)
Fig. 27 Amplitude of IFOUT (pin 1) at 4.3MHz (1.0MHz) in a typical application circuit - RF I/P signal = 1575.42MHz CW, -85dBm - equivalent to 26dB excess noise from a typical GPS antenna
21
GP2015
IMPEDANCE AT 1575.42MHz j1 1 2 j0.5 j3 3 +110C +25C -50C 49.2 + j13.3 ohms 50.9 + j9.2 ohms 52.1 + j4.9 ohms
0
0.3
1 3 2 1
3
MATCHING COMPONENTS
50 OHM LINE FROM Network Analyser 2.7pF 12pF RF INPUT (32)
GP2015
VEE (30, 31, 33, 34)
-j0.5
-j3
-j1
Fig. 28 Typical Matched RF I/P Impedance between 1000MHz and 2000MHz RF I/P level @ -40dBm
22
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